The ritual of jealousy in Numbers 5:11-31 is a law that disturbs and perplexes many people. Many regard it as if it were some bizarre and ridiculous process lying somewhere between a superstitious magical ceremony, a Jeremy Kyle paternity test, and a Monty Python trial by ordeal. Others are troubled by the seemingly blatant misogyny of the passage. Purely on the basis of a husband’s jealousy, a wife can be submitted to such an ordeal, an ordeal for which no corresponding rite seems to exist for husbands. The woman, if found guilty, also faces serious consequences, though nothing is said of any consequences faced by the man with whom she committed adultery.

Within this post I don’t expect to provide a completely satisfactory resolution of all of these questions. However, I hope to place the passage within a broader frame within which many of these problems are considerably relieved and those which remain are rendered more manageable.

Clarifications

At the very outset, there are a number of points that must be made.

First, the primary cause for the performance of the rite is jealousy. Since this jealousy is the husband’s it can easily be assumed that the rite existed principally for the sake of the accusing party. However, a little caution is in order here. One doesn’t have to envisage the extremes illustrated by such a character as Othello to recognize that a husband’s jealousy can be a profoundly destructive and vengeful force. As Proverbs 6:34 declares: ‘For jealousy is a husband’s fury; therefore he will not spare in the day of vengeance.’ The ritual of jealousy served to arrest the cycle of jealousy before it could be expressed in a husband’s abuse or the violence of the lynch mob. The jealous party had to surrender judgment into God’s hands, thus preventing the escalation of jealousy into violence or the utter and final annihilation of all marital trust.

The ritual of jealousy, by preventing the unhalted rise of jealousy, protected vulnerable parties from violence, took judgment out of human hands, and served to vindicate the innocent. The falsely suspected party could call the jealous party to ‘put up or shut up’, receiving divine vindication through the rite and being delivered from any stain on their character. For anyone who has been falsely accused or suspected, the benefit of such a rite should be immediately apparent. In such a manner, the jealousy rite served both parties, by providing a way to avoid the destructive cycles of jealousy.

Second, the efficacy of the rite of jealousy depended upon the divine deliverance of a decisive verdict. By itself, drinking the bitter water, while unpleasant, could not produce the terrible effects associated with the guilty verdict. The rite involved no human judgment whatsoever, put everything into God’s hands, and would only operate through divine action. Our ability to accept the rite is closely related to our preparedness to accept that God might provide decisive judgment in such a manner.

Third, strictly speaking it was not an ‘ordeal’. Typically trial by ordeal involves undergoing a dangerous and/or painful trial, such as plunging your hand in boiling water, or carrying a heated iron across a room. On the basis of one’s survival of or condition after such an ordeal, a human court would judge you innocent or guilty. Such ordeals were often at high risk of producing ‘false positives’ (although, for a counterbalancing defence of the effectiveness of trial by ordeal, see this). The rite of jealousy in Numbers 5, however, involved little risk of false positives: the rite itself, while not a pleasant experience, wasn’t very dangerous or painful in and of itself. Also, as noted earlier, it involved no human judgment at all subsequent to the ordeal, but left the judgment and punishment entirely in God’s hands.

Fourth, the rite of jealousy served to resolve a crisis situation in the law, where a lack of knowledge could lead to the breakdown of all trust in marriage and a vulnerable party suffering under a false accusation. It promised divine vindication or judgment in a way that arrested these negative processes.

At this point a crucial detail of the Mosaic Law should be noticed: the Mosaic Law is underpinned by divine sanction for both individual and nation. No one can escape divine justice, even though they may escape human justice. Evildoers can be directly punished by God and this judgment is typically presumed to come in this life. Even though it might be delayed, the person who ‘bore their iniquity’ was liable to receive direct punishment from God (e.g. Exodus 28:43). Secret sinners were subjected to a terrible series of curses and were not presumed to escape judgment for their sin, merely because they evaded human detection (Deuteronomy 27:11-26).

The entire Law was underwritten by this assurance. It seems to me that the question that we should be asking is why the case of the woman suspected of adultery was treated differently from other cases, where punishment of unknown guilty parties could be left in God’s hands and waited for patiently. It seems to me that the three key reasons for this are: 1. The destructive force of unchecked jealousy within marriage, a force that makes it much harder to go on than suspicions in any other context; 2. The vulnerability of the suspected party to the violence of her husband or the mob; 3. The fact that the unfaithfulness of the wife was a greater threat to the order of the family than that of the husband, as it threw the legitimacy of the children into question (a woman always knows whether a child is hers, which is one reason why the stakes are often so much higher for female unfaithfulness). The rite of jealousy was a petition for immediate divine judgment that would bring matters to a head in a situation where continued unresolved suspicion could prove deeply destructive. It could assure a man that children were his and grant both the children and the mother the security that comes with that clearly defined status.

Some Notes on the Rite Itself

1. The wife is said to ‘commit a trespass’ against her husband (vv.12, 27), language that is more typically used of mankind’s relationship with God. The analogous relationship between spiritual unfaithfulness to YHWH and unfaithfulness to a human husband is an important one and will be revisited later.

2. The husband brings his wife to the priest along with an offering, which seems to be related to the meal offering substituted for the sin offering in the case of the poor in Leviticus 5:12. Rather than directly identity this offering with the poor person’s sin offering, I would suggest that the logic is found in the fact that bread offerings are typically remembrance or memorial offerings, designed to bring something to God’s mind in a petition for divine action on that basis. However, since in this case of the ritual of jealousy (as in the substitute sin offering) it is possible sin that is being memorialized, the elements of frankincense and oil cannot be included.

3. The priest takes holy water in an earthen vessel, presumably drawn from the laver of cleansing, and holy dust, from the ground of the tabernacle, which is then placed in the water (v.17). This might be an image of the human being, formed of dust and water (notice that the New Testament also refers to us as ‘earthen vessels’ – 2 Corinthians 4:7). Also, as we shall later see, this action alludes to a particular event within the Exodus narrative and, much as other sacrificial rituals were related to – whether being prefigured by or microchronically recapitulating – past events, so this ritual might allude to the event that it resembles.

4. The woman’s head is uncovered in God’s presence, letting her hair loose (v.18). Perhaps, in such a manner, she is symbolically removed from the representation and protection of her husband (cf. 1 Corinthians 11). Whether this symbolizes her possible past unfaithfulness, places her before God for immediate and personal judgment apart from his representation (my preferred interpretation), or does something different entirely, I am unsure.

5. The memorial offering is placed in her hands (v.18). When it is later offered, it will bring her to God’s mind and judgment will be cast in her case. The connection of the memorial offering with the meals of communion is important to notice in this context. There may also be a connection here with vocational rites, where offerings were placed in the hands and presented as wave offerings (Leviticus 8:25-27; Numbers 6:19). In all of these cases the worshipper is offering up their labour or work for divine approval or judgment.

6. The woman is placed under a self-maledictory oath, calling down judgment upon herself if she has been unfaithful (vv.19-22). Her cooperation is expected, as her preparedness to undergo the rite is an act of pleading innocence before the divine court and petitioning God for public vindication.

7. The priest writes up the self-maledictory curses in a book and then wipes or ‘blots them out’ into the bitter water (v.23). I wonder whether this should be seen as the water bearing the two chief prosecutors of the divine order – the Law and the land (the dust that mediated God’s curse upon mankind). The Law condemns the guilty and the land spits them out. In drinking the bitter water, the woman will take these two witnesses into her insides and their effect will determine her case one way or another.

8. The woman must drink the water and the priest offers the wave offering and burns its memorial portion (vv.24-27). If she is guilty, the bitter water shall become bitter inside her and its curses shall make her a curse. If she is not, it will have no effect. The efficacy of the rite arises from the memorial bread offering, which invokes God’s judgment upon the one who offered it. The bitter water is the means of the punishment or vindication.

9. If the woman is guilty, there will be a marked and visible effect, presumably accompanied by considerable pain or severe discomfort – her belly will swell and her thigh will rot (v.27). This is probably a prolapsed uterus.

10. The guilty woman will ‘bear her iniquity’ through this rite, but her husband shall be ‘free from iniquity’ (v.31). This strikes me as a significant detail, as it suggests that the husband is also being exposed to judgment, even though he is not being publicly vindicated or condemned in the rite in quite the same way as his wife. The jealousy of the husband who has also been unfaithful will presumably not be vindicated in the rite of jealousy, even though they will both bear their guilt in such a case. God will punish unfaithful husbands in his own time, but the openness of his judgment on adulteresses frees faithful wives from unjust suspicion or accusation.

Spiritual Adultery and the Rite of Jealousy

Like much of the rest of the Old Testament Law, the purpose and meaning of the rite of jealousy exceeds the limited and immediate use it proposes. In the past I have discussed this principle in relation to the commandment that one should not muzzle the ox that treads out the grain. Once again, in the case of the rite of jealousy, if we look at it more carefully in the light of the broader biblical narrative, several other significant details come into view.

The first thing that we should notice is just how seriously sexual sin and infidelity were viewed under the Mosaic Law (and continue to be viewed within the New Testament). Coming from the culture that we come from, with its rampantly materialist or emotionalist/expressivist approach to sexuality, we can find it difficult to understand a culture in which consensual acts between two adults who may love each other very much should be treated as worthy of death in some instances. We will only begin to understand this when we realize that, in Scripture, mankind’s being is symbolic at its deepest root. And the image of God is especially focused upon a particular relationship, the fruitful marital bond between man and woman. Given its symbolic importance, a distortion or violation of this bond is an act of idolatry and, indeed, a monstrous crime against human nature itself, often suffering the punishment of death. Consequently, anything that perverts, parodies, undermines, attacks, violates, replaces, or distorts the sexual fidelity appropriate to marriage between a man and a woman is seen to strike at the very heart of biblical religion.

This close biblical connection between sexual faithfulness and spiritual faithfulness (see also Numbers 25 in this context), already noted in the use of the unusual expression ‘commit a trespass’ of the wife’s unfaithfulness (vv.12, 27), should help us to recognize that Numbers 5 must refer to something more than sexual behaviour alone, because sexual behaviour always symbolizes realities greater than itself. By teaching the testing of the unfaithful wife at the instigation the jealous husband, this passage highlights a prominent biblical theme, that of the testing of the faithfulness of the people of God, as his bride, by the jealous divine husband (cf. Exodus 20:5; 34:14; Deuteronomy 4:24). Israel will go on to fail the divine test of jealousy in the book of Numbers.

The rite of jealousy is particularly related to an event recorded in the Exodus narrative. In Exodus 32, while Moses was up on Mount Sinai, the children of Israel committed spiritual adultery against YHWH, who brought them up out of Egypt, worshipping a gold calf and eating communion meals with Egyptian idols (Exodus 32:6). Moses came down the mountain with the stone tablets of the Testimony, to see the Israelites sinning in this manner. He responded by breaking the tablets of stone, burning and grinding the calf to powder, scattering it on water and forcing the Israelites to drink it. The Levites were then instructed to kill 3,000 of their Israelite brethren, after which Moses interceded for the nation and the people were plagued.

The Numbers 5 rite of jealousy can be seen to be closely related to the rite of jealousy that God performed on his adulterous bride, Israel, by the hand of Moses. The relationship between the two events becomes even clearer if, as we might suspect, the broken stone tablets of the Testimony in Exodus 32:19 are added to the powdered calf that is scattered on the waters in the following verse. The curses of the Law represented by the broken tablets of stone and the prosecution of the land/dust represented by the powdered calf would correspond to the dust from the tabernacle floor and the blotted out writing of the curses in Numbers 5 (the holy water of the tabernacle corresponds to the brook that descended from God’s presence on Mount Sinai – Deuteronomy 9:21).

A further interesting linguistic connection between the two passages can be found in the use of the expression ‘blotted out’. In the Numbers 5 rite of jealousy the words of the curse were blotted out and placed into the water, which was then drunk by the woman. If she had sinned, the curses would take their full effect and she would be ‘blotted out’ herself as she was rendered barren and a byword. If she had not sinned, the curse would have no effect and there would no longer be any handwritten curses standing against her – she would have a completely clean slate relative to the accusation of the Law.

The idea of ‘blotting out’ occurs in various contexts in Scripture, most notably contexts of judgment. Judged nations or people are ‘blotted off’ the face of the earth or land (e.g. Genesis 6:7; 7:4, 23; Deuteronomy 25:19). The land is like a palimpsest, a manuscript from which an old text has been scraped or washed off, so that a new one can be written. The curse being washed – or blotted out – into the water and drunk precipitates its taking effect, leading to the ‘blotting out’ of the person who has rebelled against God.

This logic can be seen very clearly in Deuteronomy 29:14-29. The person who secretly rejects YHWH to commit spiritual adultery with foreign gods will find that ‘every curse that is written in this book would settle on him, and the Lord would blot out his name from under heaven’ (v.20). Such a person would be separated from others for calamity, for plague, and for sickness and wiped out from the land. The reference in verse 18 to ‘a root bearing bitterness or wormwood’ is significant, and we shall return to this detail at a later point. The rite of jealousy is the major instituted process by which secret sins are brought to light by divine judgment. However, it is merely a ritual precipitation of the general process, by which the secret sins of the unfaithful are exposed by divine punishment, something which Deuteronomy 29 illustrates.

In Exodus 32:30-35, after the golden calf and Moses’ performance of the rite of jealousy upon Israel, he speaks with God, requesting that he be ‘blotted out’ of God’s book for the sake of adulterous Israel. However, God declares that he will blot out the sinners from his book, but not Moses. The guilty people are then plagued for their sin (v.35). The association of this ‘blotting out’ with Moses’ performance of the rite of jealousy is incredibly suggestive. The curses of the stone tablets of the Testimony being ‘blotted out’ into the brook at the foot of the mountain and then taken into the Israelites, leading to the wicked being blotted out likewise, suggests a further connection between Moses’ performance of a rite of jealousy upon Israel. Perhaps yet another connection can be found in the vocational ‘filling of the hands’ of the Levites (associated with the remembrance offering) in the immediate context (v.29).

Subtle allusions to the ritual of jealousy may also be found in various points in the prophets, such as in Zechariah 5.

The Ritual of Jealousy in the Gospels

The ritual of jealousy is alluded to on a couple of key occasions in Jesus’ ministry. The first of these occasions is in John 4 (as we shall see in due course, this connection is strengthened when we appreciate the typological connection between the woman of Samaria and the whore of Babylon).

The context of the encounter between a man and a woman at a well is heavily symbolically freighted. The patriarchs ‘typically’ met their wives at wells (Genesis 24; 29:1-14; Exodus 2:16-22). The well or enclosed source of water symbolized the womb, fertility, and purity of the woman (Song of Solomon 4:12-15). Faithfulness to one’s spouse was spoken of in terms of not spreading your own waters around and drawing and drinking solely from your own well (Proverbs 5:15-20). The prostitute is compared to a ditch collecting filthy water and the adulteress to a narrow well (Proverbs 23:27). God compares himself to a fountain of living waters for his people, whom they have adulterously rejected for broken and dry cisterns (Jeremiah 2:13). Unfaithful Jerusalem itself is akin to a polluted well of wickedness (Jeremiah 6:7).

We should keep this symbolic subtext in mind when reading the passage itself. The conversation focuses on the giving of drinks. Jesus begins by asking the woman for a drink. After she questions his motives, Jesus points out that, if she knew who it was, she would have asked him for a drink and then speaks of living water, which the woman requests from him.

Jesus’ words in verse 16 might seem to ignore the woman’s request entirely. However, it is through his answer that Jesus gives the living water that the woman requests. Little does the woman know that, in requesting water from Jesus, she has initiated a form of the ritual of jealousy. Jesus begins by asking the woman to call her husband. When she declares that she has no husband, Jesus points out the truth of statement, bringing to light the fact that she is an adulteress (she has quite probably been significantly wronged in the process, but this is her status).

The exposure of adultery and the bringing of secret sins to light through the offered water connects the John 4 incident with the ritual of jealousy. Yet the water offered is not bitter water, but living. In place of the water bringing a curse, there is the offer of water bringing eternal life. This water ritual of jealousy still brings secret sins and adultery to light, but in a life-giving rather than a death dealing fashion.

A further possible allusion to the ritual of jealousy occurs in John 8:1-11, where the woman caught in adultery is brought to Jesus for judgment. This (disputed) text, frequently grossly misinterpreted as an argument against the casting of appropriate judgment on others’ sins, needs to be handled carefully. I have argued in the past that Jesus applies the Mosaic Law in his treatment of the woman’s case, showing that there are no qualified witnesses against her.

However, there is another dimension of the text, which is less commonly appreciated. The scribes and the Pharisees bring the woman forward to be tried according to the regular adultery law, which required the death penalty for both of the adulterous parties. Jesus demonstrates that this law is inappropriate in this case and that those bringing the woman forward are disqualified as witnesses. Jesus does more than show the inapplicability of the regular adultery law to the woman’s case, though. He follows the law that does apply to the case of a woman suspected of adultery without qualified witnesses: the Numbers 5 ritual of jealousy.

When the scribes and Pharisees bring forward the woman, asking Jesus how she should be dealt with, Jesus pretends not to hear them and stoops down and writes on the ground. While feigning not to have heard them, Jesus is already putting the appropriate law for the woman’s case into effect. When the scribes and Pharisees are insistent, he shows that they are disqualified as witnesses according to the adultery law. However, his legal response is ongoing.

Jesus spends a considerable amount of time writing, enough time for the scribes and Pharisees to ask him several times to respond to their question, enough time for each one of the accusers gradually to leave one by one, and even seemingly for some time after they have all departed. This action isn’t incidental to the narrative, but is absolutely essential to what is taking place.

The significance of this writing becomes clearer in the context of the Numbers 5 ritual of jealousy, the only rite of its kind to involve lengthy writing as part of its process. These events take place in the temple (v.2), just as the ritual of jealousy had to take place in the tabernacle, before the presence of the Lord (Numbers 5:16). The ritual of jealousy involved dust from the ground of the tabernacle floor (v.17), a process of writing (v.23), and holy water (v.17). Its effect was the revealing of secret sin through the deliverance of divine judgment, typically involving a curse and condemnation coming upon the guilty party.

In the story of the woman caught in adultery, we see these elements. Jesus performs the writing ritual with his finger, on the dust of the ground of the temple. Only a few verses earlier, he has described himself as the ‘earthen vessel’ bearing the holy, living water (John 7:37-38). In the cycle of creation days in John’s gospel, John 8:1-11 seems to belong to the third day, the day of the cereal offering (note the many references to bread and the cereal offerings in John 6), just before the fourth day begins with the light of John 8:12 and the various references to light in the chapters that follow. This connection with the cereal or bread offering represents a further connection between the rite of jealousy, which had an bread offering for remembrance at its heart.

The effect of Jesus’ practice of the ritual is related to that of the Old Testament ritual. Hidden sins are revealed as the conscience-stricken accusers slink away. The sin of the woman is also openly acknowledged (John 8:11). The judgment is delivered, but no condemnation is given. It should be seen that Jesus is not merely playing the role of the priest in the ritual, but the role of God himself. It is Jesus’ words that bring the hidden sins to light and bring future judgment into the present. Jesus claims the prerogative of God in the ritual – that of condemning or acquitting. The ritual of jealousy was the ritual of judgment in which all human judgment was put to one side and God alone declared and enacted the sentence. Finally, there is only one other occasion in Scripture where writing with a finger is mentioned: God’s writing of the stone tablets of the Testimony (Exodus 31:18; Deuteronomy 9:10 [edit: in the comments, Stephanie has reminded me that writing fingers are also mentioned in Daniel 5:5]). Those broken stone tablets were most likely crushed to become part of the ritual of jealousy that Moses performed upon Israel in Exodus 32. Here again, in John 8, we see the finger of God writing the words to be used for the ritual of jealousy.

Why is neither the Samaritan woman nor the woman caught in adultery condemned through the ritual of jealousy? I believe that the answer to this will be found in a study of some further appearances of the theme in the New Testament.

The Bridegroom Drains the Cup

In Colossians 2:14 we read that Christ has ‘blotted out the handwriting of ordinances that was against us, which was contrary to us’ and has removed it from out of the way, nailing it to his cross. There are various ways that this can be read, but I think that there are suggestive clues here of a connection with the jealousy rite. Let me list a few.

First, the language of ‘blotting out’ handwriting finds it most immediate parallel in the procedure of the jealousy ritual. Second, the Greek verb that is employed is the same as that which we find in the LXX of Numbers 5. Third, the reference to ‘handwriting’ is noteworthy, suggesting that it is not merely the words that are significant, but the process by which they were written. The jealousy rite is the only one in which a process of handwriting plays such an important part. Fourth, hostile handwriting implies written curses, in keeping with the jealousy ritual.

If this connection is indeed justified, what we see in Colossians 2:14 is that the bridegroom drains the cup of the jealousy rite that belongs to the adulterous bride for her, taking the full bitterness of the curse inside himself.

Within the gospels we see Jesus referring to his sufferings and death on a number of occasions in terms of the drinking of a cup (Matthew 20:22-23; 26:39, 42; John 18:11). The cup is something that contains and precipitates judgment. Within the prophets we see references to an adulterous nation being fed ‘wormwood’ and given bitter water to drink (Jeremiah 9:15; 23:14-15). It is also commonly spoken of as containing wine or something with wine-like effects in the psalms and prophets (e.g. Psalm 60:3; Isaiah 29:9-10; 51:17, 21-23; 63:6; Jeremiah 25:15-29; Habakkuk 2:16). Wine is the gift of wisdom and judgment, testing hearts, confounding the wicked, but gladdening the hearts of the righteous. The drinking of the cup effects a division between the righteous and the wicked in much the same way as the drinking of the bitter water of the jealousy rite served to expose hearts and divide the sinners from the righteous.

Perhaps we should see something in the fact that Jesus is given vinegar – bitter wine – to drink right before he died. In Psalm 69, in which this is foretold (v.21), we also see a reference to the ‘blotting out’ of certain people, to be rendered barren and have their ‘loins shake continually’ (vv.22-28). In such details, it may be possible to hear echoes of Numbers 5.

In drinking of the bitter wine of God’s wrath, Jesus takes upon himself the testing and the fate of the spiritually adulterous nation, suffering the fierce anger of divine jealousy, so that all that are members of his bride may be freed from the judgment appropriate to adulterers and adulteresses.

Eschatological Judgment

The jealousy ritual can also be seen in Revelation. In Revelation 2:20-23, Christ, the One who brings the secrets of the heart and mind to light, promises that he will judge the false prophetess, ‘Jezebel’. Her children will die and she will be cast into a bed of sickness on account of her adultery. This would seem to be an allusion to the jealousy test of Numbers 5.

Unsurprisingly, given that the whole of Revelation is focused upon and climaxes in judgment upon an adulteress, we find themes of the jealousy rite of Numbers 5 at various other points. In 8:10-11 the star ‘Wormwood’ falls from heaven and poisons the seas, rendering them bitter, causing many men to die as a result. The end of the adulterous woman is associated with bitterness and wormwood (Proverbs 5:4) and she suffers the testing of the bitter drink. The judgment of the third trumpet is a sort of jealousy rite (the third bowl also involves a poisoning of the drinking water – 16:4-7).

The full jealousy rite, however, does not occur until later. The adulterous Whore of Babylon is to be given the bitter wine of the cup of testing and fierce wrath of the jealous husband (Revelation 16:19). The fact that this is mentioned as the climax of the judgment of the seven bowls might suggest that the pouring out of the contents of the bowls is to be associated with the drink. The judgments of the third trumpet and the third bowl are the preparation for drink of the Harlot – the waters are made bitter and then turned to a wine of blood.

John has previously been given the word of judgment against the Harlot, a book which he ingested, sweet as honey in his mouth, but bitter in his stomach (note the parallel with the description of the adulterous woman in Proverbs 5:4). The prophetic words of eschatological cursing borne by the Church are ‘blotted out’ or washed into the cup of the Harlot as she spills their blood. As the bitter judgment cup of blood wine is then drained by the Harlot, her plagues instantly come upon her (Revelation 18:6-8).

All of this exists in a close parallel with passages from John’s gospel. These parallels, as I have argued in detail in the past, show that the spotless Bride of Revelation was formerly associated with the Harlot. In the great eschatological jealousy ritual that the book of Revelation describes, the Bride is given living water to drink, while the Harlot is given the bitter and bloody wine, a cup that is full of filthiness (Revelation 17:4), much as the bitter water of the jealousy ritual in Numbers 5. This transformation is only possible because the Bridegroom has blotted out the handwriting of the curses against his formerly adulterous Bride into the cup of God’s jealousy and drained the entire cup himself.

The Jealousy Ritual and the Church

The jealousy ritual continues to have a place within the life of the Church. As the Church we are to be presented as a chaste virgin to Christ and godly ministers are called to guard us with a godly jealousy (2 Corinthians 11:2).

In 1 Corinthians 11:27-34 we see a rite that precipitates future judgment, leading to people suffering illness or even dying if they are unfaithful as they participate of it. Those who take the Lord’s Supper in an unworthy manner eat and drink judgment to themselves. The Lord’s Supper can be a means of precipitating the judgment upon spiritual adultery. It invokes divine remembrance and action.

If we understood the logic of the sacrificial system, we should see the relationship between the Lord’s Supper and the bread/meal and drink offerings. Those offerings memorialized the past sacrifice and called for divine action on the basis of it. The meaning of Jesus’ words ‘in remembrance of me’ has been dulled in many people’s consciousness to a mere subjective reminder of Christ’s death. However, biblically speaking, the meal offering was a memorializing offering invoking divine attention. The memorializing meal offering could also play a ‘vocational’ purpose, as the offering called for divine approbation or condemnation on the person and their labours (hence the connection between the communion elements and the offertory).

In worship, we are performing a sort of jealousy ritual (among many other meanings of the Lord’s Supper). The divine testimony, with all of its blessings and curses is declared to us, we give our ‘Amen’, and then, in conjunction with the memorializing meal offering, the testimony is taken inside of us, to discern our faithfulness. We drink the cup of testing, the cup of Christ’s blood which testifies against or for each heart, with all of the blessings and curses of the new covenant. While all spiritual adulterers call for the most bitter of consequences, a rich blessing is given to all of those who are depending upon the faithfulness and forgiveness of Christ, the cup-draining Bridegroom.