Alastair's Adversaria

I think that Peter Leithart is absolutely right: the contribution of women theologians is essential for the future health of the Church. The fact that many forms of theology have developed with little feminine involvement may well necessitate some painful adjustments in the future. I have thought about the importance of women theologians before, although I can’t remember commenting on it on my blog. The contribution of women theologians in evangelicalism has largely been limited to certain areas like hymnody. However, the Church needs women to be involved in all areas of its theological task.

One might wonder what women theologians might contribute to theology that is distinct from that which men contribute. If the Spirit is the archetype of the feminine we should not be surprised if women theologians, and male theologians sensitized by their concerns, will have a greater appreciation of the Spirit’s role. Many forms of traditional evangelical theology suffer from an underrealization of the significance of pnuematology. This can be seen in a number of areas. A good example can be seen in the doctrine of justification, which in its evangelical forms often has little role for the Holy Spirit to play and is narrowly legal. However, the Scripture teaches us that the work of the Spirit is one of the reasons why there is no condemnation (Romans 8:1-4). Perhaps a greater realization of the manner in which justification is an ontological change will result from this.

I would also imagine that the involvement of women in theology might have something to do with the rise of narrative theology, ecumenical movements and a renewed focus on the Church over individualistic understandings of salvation.

Does anyone else have any thoughts on this?

Reading Girard again brought to my mind the significance of the oft-neglected theme of imitatio Christi. Girard argues that human desire, both good and evil, is mimetic in character. It is not spontaneous and autonomous. He claims that mimetic desire is intrinsically good. If desire were not mimetic, it would be ‘forever fixed on predetermined objects’ and would be more instinctual than free.

As human beings we engage in unconscious imitation of others. We are interdividuals, rather than detached individuals. However, such imitation can easily spiral into rivalry as we begin to struggle over particular objects that both we and our mimetic partners desire. We can get locked into vicious cycles of escalating antagonism. As these cycles reach their zenith we find that rivals hardly differ from each other any more.

The pent-up aggression of these cycles is defused by the setting in motion of the scapegoat mechanism. Rather than the terrifying war of all on all created by mimetic rivalry, the scapegoat mechanism, by transferring the disorder to a particular victim, transforms the war of all on all into the war of all on the one. Through the process of scapegoating peace and unanimity are restored. Old rivalries that seemed intractable disolve and are replaced with friendships.

This peace born of violence ‘is based on the mythic process of conjuring away man’s violence by endlessly projecting it upon new victims.’ The denial of violence necessitates continual violence; the truth can only be suppressed this way. This peace is secured on the foundation of concealed graves. The truth of the resurrection unsettles this. Nothing strikes fear into Satan and threatens his world order more than the idea of concealed graves breaking open. The fog of myth lies like a shroud over the bodies of the scapegoats, preventing us from arriving at the truth of their violent murders.

This scapegoating process is hard-wired into the mimetic economy of Satan. Those who have the wrong models for desire will soon become trapped in the cycles that this creates and will live in a society founded on violence. Societies and people within them will go to great lengths to conceal their guilt and deny their complicity in violence. They will even scapegoat scapegoaters as a means of doing this.

Within the Church we are to be those who acknowledge that we are naturally those who are complicit in the satanic mimetic economy that led to the crucifixion of our Lord. Just as Peter and the other disciples knew and acknowledged the power of the mimetic contagion of the Good Friday crowd to overwhelm them and turn them into deniers and forsakers of Christ, we face up to the fact that we are persecuters of Christ. We have been and are complicit in scapegoating processes in so many different ways.

However, rather than cover our sins in the fog of myth and misrepresentation, we seek to bring our sins into the light. A new unity and peace is formed in the Spirit of truth. This new community is the greatest threat to the city of darkness. The cities of darkness are founded upon the dark veil that their myths have spread over their founding and sustaining murders. If the lie at the foundation is revealed then the whole society will crumble. False peace is no longer so easy to come by as the scapegoating mechanism no longer works when the lie at the heart is brought into the light. Christ came not to bring peace on earth, but the sword. Once the light has come into the world and the deeds of darkness are revealed, there are only a few options left. The deeds of darkness must become ever more subtle and shrouded, the society must gradually descend into hellish violence or it must repent.

Once we have appreciated the huge significance of mimetic desire, we will appreciate that our salvation would have been incomplete had Christ not established a new mimetic economy that differs from the mimetic economy of Satan.

The NT is full of the language of imitation. We are called to imitate Christ and to serve as examples for others to imitate. We are encouraged to imitate people who are exemplary in their following of Christ and the prophets and OT saints who went before us. In the gospels Jesus frequently presents people to his disciples as positive and negative examples. Unfortunately the language of imitation of Christ has largely fallen by the wayside in many Protestant circles as it tends to fall on the wrong side of the works/grace dichotomy.

I am arguing that the claim that Christ left us with an example to follow (e.g. John 13:15; 1 Peter 2:21) should be given deep soteriological weight. Where would we be if Christ had not done this? By the perfect example that Christ has left us with the mimetic economy of Satan is clearly revealed for what it is and a new mimetic economy is established for us in its place.

Mimetic economies do not work well by means of doctrine alone. We need flesh and blood examples. We need the example of Christ lived out before our eyes. We need to imitate others who imitate Christ. We need the Church. Were it not for the role models that the Church gives us we would soon be trapped within the mimetic economy of Satan. By the establishing of examples and the inspiration of witnesses the Spirit of Christ forms us as an alternative mimetic economy.

It saddens me to see that many churches do not seem to appreciate the importance of being exposed to Christian examples, of having Christian role models. This is an argument for getting to grips with biblical typology so that we can learn how to let the text mould our telling of our lives. It is an argument for patterns of discipleship that focus less on indoctrination and more on mentoring and training by example. It is an argument for dispensing with the superfluity of stratified groups in many churches and beginning to take intergenerational discipleship seriously. It is also an argument for reading good Christian biographies, and perhaps even for starting to celebrate the odd saint’s day. The lives of the saints are one of the great gifts that God has given the Church; we need to pay more attention to them. As our desires are shaped by many positive Christian role models, we might well find that we become models ourselves.

Within the Church we are trained in the imitation of Christ by means of various rites and within our general life as a body. We die with Christ in Baptism. We celebrate His death in the Eucharist. We forgive one another’s sins. We bear one another’s burdens. We are given typological examples from the Word to pattern our lives after. These things are not merely ‘ethical’ and secondary. They are essential to Christian salvation.

We need to recapture the concept of imitatio Christi as central to Christian salvation. As we do so I believe that we will have taken an important step towards a more nuanced understanding of the faith/works distinction and the great importance of Christian ethics as part of God’s salvation. We will also see something more of the soteriological significance of the faithfulness of Jesus Christ.

N.T. Wright’s latest book is now available for UK readers. My copy should be arriving in the next few days. Lord-willing, I will be able to give a brief review of it shortly afterwards. I do wonder if he’s going to say anything really new though. I have a feeling that it will be relatively familiar material, although the manner of expressing it might be more honed and certain of the common challenges to his theology might be addressed more directly.

At the moment I am finishing Girard’s I See Satan Fall Like Lightning, which is superb, albeit a little repetitive on occasions. I had already read The Girard Reader and The Scapegoat, but I See Satan Fall is probably the most accessible of Girard’s works that I have read to date. At the moment I am also in the middle of Dostoevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov and Stanley Hauerwas’ Unleashing the Scripture: Freeing the Bible from Captivity to America (I might post some provocative quotes sometime soon!).

After I have finished The Brothers Karamazov, I might try to get my hands on a copy of Girard’s Deceit, Desire & the Novel. I also have Eco’s Foucault’s Pendulum on my shelf to read some time soon. I also started reading David Bentley Hart’s The Doors of the Sea: Where Was God in the Tsunami? a week or so back, and I need to get around to finishing it. Owen Barfield’s Saving the Appearances: A Study in Idolatry should also be arriving in the next couple of days. This will be my first firsthand encounter with his thought.

I have a number of interesting books that I have been reading or dipping into for my various courses. I won’t list them all here, but I have enjoyed some of the articles in The Cambridge Companion to Christian Doctrine, for example. The last week or so has been quite busy. I have had to prepare four presentations. I decided that I would get them all out of the way as soon as possible, so that I could settle down into a more relaxed routine from then on. My last presentation is on Thursday. Hopefully, after that I will be able to do some more intense reading.